Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Santhanam, Manu
- Pozzolanic Characteristics of Young Toba Tuff
Abstract Views :212 |
PDF Views:82
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
1 Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 109, No 10 (2015), Pagination: 1869-1874Abstract
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is widely used to achieve durable and sustainable concrete in modern construction. In the present study, the potential use of natural volcanic ash in the manufacturing of PPC has been studied. Young Toba Tuff (YTT) was collected from Jwalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India. The pozzolanic performance of this ash was assessed by Strength Activity Index (SAI) and Frattini test. SAI of YTT was found to be above 75% for sufficient pozzolanicity. Further, the results of Frattini test were below the lime solubility curve, indicating that YTT could be potentially useful as pozzolanic material in concrete.Keywords
Concrete, Pozzolanic Characteristics, Strength Activity Index, Volcanic Ash.References
- Petraglia, M. et al., Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science, 2007, 317, 114–116.
- Fisher, R. V. and Schmincke, H. V., Pyroclastic Rocks, Springer, Berlin, 1984, p. 472.
- Williams, M., The ∼73 ka Toba super-eruption and its impact: history of a debate. Quaternary Int., 2012, 258, 19–29.
- Dutta, M. and Mukherjee, S., An outlook into energy consumption in large scale industries in India: the cases of steel, aluminium and cement. Energy Policy, 2010, 38, 7286–7298.
- Malhotra, V. M. and Kumar Mehta, P., Pozzolanic and Cementitious Materials, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1996.
- Antiohos, S. and Tsimas, S., Investigating the role of reactive silica in the hydration mechanisms of high-calcium fly ash/cement systems. Cem. Concr. Compos., 2005, 27, 171–181.
- Rahhal, V. and Talero, R., Calorimetry of Portland cement with silica fume, diatomite and quartz additions. Constr. Build. Mater., 2009, 23, 3367–3374.
- Tironi, A., Trezza, M. A., Scian, A. N. and Irassar, E. F., Assessment of pozzolanic activity of different calcined clays. Cem. Concr. Compos., 2013, 37, 319–327.
- Bendapudi, S. C. K. and Saha, P., Contribution of fly ash to the properties of mortar and concrete. Int. J. Earth Sci. Eng., 2011, 4, 1017–1023.
- Habert, G., Choupay, N., Escadeillas, G., Guillaume, D. and Montel, J. M., Clay content of argillite: influence on cement based mortars. Appl. Clay Sci., 2009, 43, 322–330.
- Schulz, H., Emeis, K. C., Erlenkeuser, H., Von Rad, U. and Rolf, C., The Toba volcanic event and interstadial/stadial climates at the marine isotopic stage 5 to 4 transition in the Northern Indian Ocean. Quaternary Res., 2002, 57, 22–31.
- Acharya, S. K. and Basu, P. C., Toba ash in the Indian subcontinent and its implications for correlation of late Pleistocene alluvium. Quaternary Res., 1993, 40, 10–19.
- Chesner, C. A., Petrogenesis of the Toba Tuffs, Sumatra, Indonesia. J. Petrol., 1998, 39, 397–438.
- Jones, M. T., Sparks, R. S. J. and Valdes, P. J., The climatic impact of super volcanic ash blankets. Climate Dyn., 2007, 29, 553–564.
- Haslam, M. et al., A southern Indian Middle Palaeolithic occupation surface sealed by the 74 ka Toba eruption: further evidence from Jwalapuram Locality 22. Quaternary Int., 2012, 258, 148–164.
- Raj, R., Occurrence of volcanic ash in the Quaternary alluvial deposits, lower Narmada basin, western India. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 2008, 117, 41–48.
- Down, M. J., Master, R. W., Streckeisen, A. and Zanetti, B., A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali–silica diagram. J. Petrol., 1986, 27(3), 745–750.
- IS: 1727, Indian standard specification for methods of test for pozzolanic materials. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1967.
- IS 3812, Indian standard specification for fly ash for use as pozzolana and admixtures. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1981.
- ASTM C311, Standard specification for sampling and testing fly ash or natural pozzolans for use in Portland-Cement Concrete, ASTM, USA, 2002.
- BS EN 196(5), Standard specification for testing cement – Pozzolanicity tests for pozzolanic cement, BSI, London, 2005.
- Donatello, S., Tyrer, M. and Cheeseman, C. R., Comparison of test methods to assess pozzolanic activity. Cem. Concr. Compos., 2010, 32, 121–127.
- ASTM C618, Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete, ASTM, USA, 2003.
- Frias, M., Villar-cocin, E. and Valencia-Morales, E., Characterisation of sugar cane straw waste as pozzolanic material for construction, calcining temperature and kinetic parameters. Waste Manage., 2007, 27, 533–538.
- Hamidi, M., Kacimi, L., Cyr, M. and Clastres, P., Evaluation and improvement of pozzolanic activity of andesite for its use in eco-efficient cement. Constr. Build. Mater., 2013, 47, 1268–1277.
- Tironi, A., Trezza, M. A., Scian, A. N. and Irassar, E. F., Kaolinitic calcined clays: factors affecting its performance as pozzolans. Constr. Build. Mater., 2012, 28, 276–281.
- Janotka, I., Puertas, F., Palacios, M., Kuliffayová, M. and Varga, C., Metakaolin sand-blended-cement pastes: rheology, hydration process and mechanical properties. Constr. Build. Mater., 2010, 24, 791–824.
- Durability Characteristics of High Early Strength Concrete
Abstract Views :254 |
PDF Views:89
Authors
Affiliations
1 Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626 126, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
1 Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626 126, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 113, No 08 (2017), Pagination: 1568-1577Abstract
High early strength concrete (HESC) is a type of high performance concrete, which attains its specified strength earlier than normal concrete. This type of concrete is normally used in precast and prestressed concrete industries. Many studies have been performed on the production of high early strength concrete, but information on performance of high early strength concrete in durability tests is limited. This article deals with evaluation of durability index characteristics of high early strength concrete mixtures made with two different cements. Durability index tests such as oxygen permeability, sorptivity, rapid chloride permeability and water absorption tests were performed on three HESC mixtures made with two different cements and compared with a reference concrete. Our results reveal that high early strength concrete using steam curing is better than concrete produced using accelerator. The microstructural studies also revealed that steam-cured concrete is better than accelerator-cured concrete supporting the durability index properties of concretes tested.Keywords
Chloride Permeability, High Early Strength Concrete, Oxygen Permeability, Sorptivity, Water Absorption.References
- Zia, P., Ahmad, S. H., Leming, M. L., Schemmel, J. J. and Elliott, R. P., Mechanical behaviour of high performance concretes. High early strength concrete Volume 4, Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1993, xi, p. 179.
- Khurana, R., Heat curing in precast concrete. Master Build. Technol., Treviso, Italy, 1998.
- Mehta, P. K. and Monteiro, P. J., Concrete, Microstructure, Properties and Materials, New York, 3rd edn, 2005.
- Neville, A. M., Properties of Concrete, Fourth and Final Edn, Longman Publication, 2000.
- Radjy, F. and Richards, C. W., Effect of curing and heat treatment history on the dynamic mechanical response and the pore structure of hardened cement paste. Cement Concrete Res., 1973, 3, 7–21.
- Kelham, S., A water absorption test for concrete, Mag. Concrete Res., 40, 1988, 143, 106–110.
- Ronne, P. D. and Alexander, M. G., Quantifying the effects of steam curing on concrete durability. Proceedings, Concrete for the 21st Century, Progress through Innovation, Midrand, South Africa, 2002, p. 13.
- Ho, D. W. S., Chua, C. W. and Tam, C. T., Steam-cured concrete incorporating mineral admixtures. Cement Concr. Res., 2003, 33, 595–601.
- Alexander, M. G., Ballim, Y. and Mackechnie, J. R., Concrete durability index testing manual. Res. Monogr. No. 4, Cape Town, South Africa, 1999.
- Hooton, R. D. and Titherington, M. P., Chloride resistance of high performance concrete subjected to accelerated curing. Cem. Concrete Res., 2004, 34, 1561–1567.
- Githachuri, K. and Alexander, M. G., Durability performance potential and strength of blended Portland limestone cement concrete. Cement Concr. Comp., 2013, 39, 115–121.
- San Nicolas, R., Cyr, M. and Escadeillas, G., Performance-based approach to durability of flash-calcined metakaolin as cement replacement. Constr. Build. Mater., 2014, 55, 313–322.
- IS 12269 Specifications for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1987.
- IS 2386 Methods of test for aggregate concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1968.
- ASTM C 494/C 494M, Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. Am. Soc. Testing Mater., Philadelphia, 1999.
- Chokkalingam, R. B., Santhanam, M., Ballim, Y. and Graham, P. C., A comparative assessment of selected Indian and South African cement clinkers. Indian Concr. J., 2010, 86, 9–16.
- ACI 211.4R, Guidelines for selecting proportions for high strength concrete with Portland cement and fly ash. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, 1999.
- Ramesh Babu, C. and Santhanam, M., Optimization of high early strength steam cured concrete mixtures using central composite design, Indian Concr. J., 2006, 80(6), 11–15.
- Ballim, Y., A low cost falling head permeameter for measuring concrete gas permeability. Concrete/Beton, J. Concr. Soc., Southern Africa, 1991, 61, 13–18.
- Durability Index Testing Procedure Manual, Concrete durability index testing, South Africa, 2009.
- Chan, S. Y. N. and Ji, X., Water sorptivity and chloride diffusivity of oil shale ash concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 1998, 12, 177–183.
- Rixom, R. and Mailvaganam, N., Chem. Admixtures Concrete, E&FN SPON, London, 3rd edn, 1999.
- ASTM C 1202–12 Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. Am. Soc. Testing Mater., Philadelphia, 1999.
- Alexander, M. G., Ballim, Y. and Mackechnie, J. R., Guide to the use of durability indexes for achieving durability in concrete structures. Industry/FRD collaborative research programme: achieving durable and economic concrete construction in the South African context. Research Monograph, 1999.
- Characterization of Historic Bricks and Binder at Vat Phou World Heritage Site in Lao PDR and Selection of Compatible Replacement Units for Restoration
Abstract Views :224 |
PDF Views:76
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 119, No 8 (2020), Pagination: 1300-1307Abstract
This article presents results of material characterization studies conducted on historical clay bricks and binder sampled from the brick masonry gallery of the southern quadrangle of the World Heritage Site of Vat Phou in Champasak, Province of Lao PDR. The primary objective of the sampling was to conduct micro-analytical laboratory studies on the binder in the brick masonry to establish the nature of the binding mortar used and to verify the presence of lime in it, if any. In addition, micro-analytical and physicomechanical tests conducted on the historic brick samples were used to establish compatibility with the newly manufactured replacement bricks for use in the restoration of the dilapidated brick gallery. X-ray diffraction technique was used to study the mineral composition in the system, and scanning electron microscopy provided images indicative of the material and binder characteristics. The study revealed that lime was not present in the binding mortar and it could possibly be a natural wood resin. The use of natural resins as a binder in masonry has been a popular theory in Southeast Asia, and these results provide first empirical proof of their use. This study also demonstrates how compatibility checks can be carried out between historic and new replacement bricks through analysis of their pore structure and physical properties. In addition, the test results established that lime was not a component of the ancient binder, which together with the evidence of the resinbased binder provides an important direction for restoration efforts of historical sites in the Mekong River Basin region covering countries such as Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam.Keywords
Binder, Heritage Conservation, Historic Bricks, Restoration Efforts.- Use of poulticing in desalination of masonry units – implications on salt-deteriorated structures
Abstract Views :176 |
PDF Views:85
Authors
Affiliations
1 Civil Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
1 Civil Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 121, No 10 (2021), Pagination: 1307-1315Abstract
Cellulose poulticing is a widespread method of desalination in practice for removal of salts from ancient structures. Optimization of the process is essential, considering that poulticing/desalination is the prime step during the protection of existing structures in the coastal zones. Even though poulticing is widely used in European countries, it is not common in India, because the principle and efficacy of the method have not been studied so far for masonry materials in the ancient Indian structures with specific microstructure. The present study analyses the effect of cellulose poulticing in bricks considering the role of pore size in the substrates and the removal of different types of salts depending upon the pore distribution. The process was found around 74% more efficient in removing Na2SO4 than NaCl in materials with more micropores (pore size <1 mm), as demonstrated from scanning electron microscopy images and analysis of pore structure using mercury intrusion porosimetry on brick samples. Interesting results on the unsuitability of cellulose poulticing in certain materials and the reasons for the same were obtained, which are based on the predominant transport mechanisms for salt removal. The study would be a reference for initiating cellulose poulticing as an effective desalination method in the ancient structures of coastal southern IndiaKeywords
Conservation, Desalination, Historic Structures, Protection, Salt Weathering.References
- Flatt, R. J., Caruso, F., Sanchez, A. M. A. and Scherer, G. W., Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone. Nature Commun., 2014, 5, 1–5.
- Scherer, G. W., Crystallization in pores. Cem. Concr. Res., 1999, 29, 1347–1358.
- Flatt, R. J., Salt damage in porous materials: how high supersaturations are generated. J. Crystal Growth, 2002, 242(3–4), 435–454.
- Vergès-Belmin, V. and Siedel, H., Desalination of masonries and monumental sculptures by poulticing: a review. Restor. Build. Monuments, 2005, 11(6), 391–408.
- Weber, J., Insolubilisation of sulfate salts by baryum hydroxides: principles and experiences, insolubilisation des sulfates par leshydroxydes de baryum: principes et expérimentations, in Enduits dégradés par les sels: pathologies et traitements, Journée technique internationale, Paris 2004. Dossier technique ICOMOS-France 6, 2004.
- Laue, S., Climate controlled behaviour of soluble salts in the crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne. In Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage LCP Congress, Montreux, 24–29 September 1995, Lausaunne, 1996, pp. 447–454.
- Bollingtoft, P. and Larsen, K. P., The use of passive climate control to prevent salt decay in Danish churches, in Mauersalze und Architekturoberflächen, Tagungsbeiträge 2002 (eds Leitner, H., Laue, S. and Siedel, H.), Hochschule für Bildende Künste, Dresden, 2003, pp. 90–93.
- Ranalli, G., Chiavarini, M., Guidetti, V., Marsala, F., Matteini, M., Zanardini and Sorlini, C., The use of microorganisms for the removal of nitrates and organic substances on artistic stoneworks. In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (ed. Riederer, J.), Berlin, Germany, 1996, pp. 1415–1420.
- Rivas, T. E., Alvarez, E., Mosquera, M. J., Alejano, L. and Taboada, J., Crystallization modifiers applied in granite desalination: the role of the stone pore structure. Constr. Build. Mater., 2010, 24, 766–776.
- Lisbeth, M., Ottosen, I. and Christensen, V., Electrokinetic desalination of sandstones for NaCl removal – test of different clay poultices at the electrodes. Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 86, 192–202.
- Lubelli, B. and Hees, R. P. J., Desalination of masonry structures: fine tuning of pore size distribution of poultices to substrate properties. J. Cult. Herit., 2010, 11, 10–18.
- Kumar, S. V. and Singh, M. R., Salt weathering of 7th century CE granite monument of Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram – scientific investigation and conservation strategy. Heritage, 2019, 2, 230– 253.
- Benavente, D., García del Cura, M. A., García-Ginea, J., SánchezMoral, S. and Ordóñez, S., Role of pore structure in salt crystallization in unsaturated porous stone. J. Cryst. Growth, 2004, 260, 532–544.
- Voronina, V., Salt extraction by poulticing: an NMR study. Ph D thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Lisbon, 2011.
- Borrelli, E., Desalination systems: types, applications and efficacy. In Sais sol'veis em argamassas de edifìcios antigos: danos, processos e solúçoes: Lisboa, LNEC, 14 e 15 de Fevereiro de 2005. Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, 2005.
- Bowley M. J., Desalination of stone: a case study, Building Research Establishment, Garston, 1975, 46/75.
- Lombardo, T. and Simon, S., Desalination by poulticing: laboratory study on controlling parameters. In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Stockholm, Sweden, 2004, pp. 323–330.
- Michálek, P., Tydlitát, V., Jerman, M. and Černý, R., Desalination of historical masonry using hydrophilic mineral wool boards. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas. XIII, WIT Transactions on Modelling and Simulation, 2007, vol. 46, pp. 377–385, ISSN 1743-355X.
- Doehne, E., Schiro, M., Roby, T., Chiari, G., Lambousy, G. and Knight, H., Evaluation of poultice desalination process at Madame John’s Legacy, New Orleans. In Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (eds Lukaszewicz, J. and Niemcewicz, P.), Nicolaus Copernicus University Press, Torun, Poland, 2008, pp. 857–864.
- Blaeuer Boehm, C., Quantitative salt analysis in conservation of buildings. Restor. Build. Monuments: Int. J., 2005, 11(6), 409–418.
- Manohar, S. and Santhanam, M., Salt crystallization in building materials in the marine environment. In Third R.N. Raikar Memorial International Conference and Gettu–Kodur International Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology of Concrete, American Concrete Institute – India Chapter, Mumbai, 2018.
- Manohar, S., Santhanam, M. and Chockalingam, N., Performance and microstructure of bricks with protective coatings subjected to salt weathering. Constr. Build. Mater., 2019, 226, 94–105; https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.180.
- Manohar, S., Bala, K., Santhanam, M. and Menon, A., Characteristics and deterioration mechanisms in coral stones used in a historical monument in a saline environment. Constr. Build. Mater., 2020, 241, 118102; ISSN 0950-0618.
- Manohar, S. and Santhanam, M., Correlation between physical– mineralogical properties and weathering resistance using characterization case studies in historic Indian bricks. Int. J. Archit. Herit., 2020, doi:10.1080/15583058.2020.1833108.
- Manohar, S., A study on characterization, deterioration mechanisms and protection of bricks and stones in historic structures, Ph D dissertation, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 2020.
- Kröner, S., Alcaide, B. M. and Mas-Barberà, X., Influence of substrate pore size distribution, poultice type, and application technique on the desalination of medium-porous stones. Stud. Conserv., 2016, 61(5), 286–296; doi:10.1080/00393630.2015.1131942.
- Sawdy, A., The role of environmental control for reducing the rate of salt damage in wall paintings. In Conserving the Painted Past: Developing Approaches to Wall Painting Conservation (eds Gowing, R. and Heritage, A.), James and James and English Heritage, London, UK, pp. 95–109.
- Pel, L., Sawdy, A. and Voronina, V., Physical principles and efficiency of salt extraction by poulticing. J. Cult. Herit., 2010, 11, 59–67.